Annotated Bibliography On Mobile Phones - 914 Words

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Inbox x Sruthi Lucky AttachmentsJul 5 (1 day ago) to me 2 Attachments Preview attachment TOPIC mobile phones.docx Word TOPIC mobile phones.docx Preview attachment ppt on mobile phones.pptx PowerPoint ppt on mobile phones.pptx SUSHANTH BATHINI 12:06 AM (11 hours ago) to Sruthi sss....doc On Sun, Jul 5, 2015 at 6:50 AM, Sruthi Lucky wrote: Attachments area Preview attachment sss....doc Word sss....doc Sruthi Lucky Send 10.67 GB (71%) of 15 GB used Manage Terms - Privacy Last account activity: 11 hours ago Details Sruthi Lucky s profile photo Sruthi Lucky Friends Show details TOPIC mobile phones.docxOpen Page 1 of 101 Topic : BUILDING A POWERFULL TECHNOLOGY BRAND OF MOBILE PHONES Page 2 of 102 Table of Contents : ïÆ'Ëœ Abstract ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ Most Powerfull Brands 1. Nokia ï‚ · Charecteristics of Nokia ï‚ · Nokia Technology 2. Motorola ïÆ'Ëœ Less Powerfull Brands 1. Samsung ïÆ'Ëœ Conclusion ïÆ'Ëœ Reference Page 3 of 103 Abstract : The world of parity has hit the mobile phone market just as it has many other technology product categories. The productsShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Mobile Business Intelligence1615 Words   |  7 PagesCOMP1715 SCHOLARLY AND ACADEMIC PRACTICE INTERIM SUBMISSION ANNOTATED BIBLOGRAPHY: Mobile Business Intelligence; Who Benefits? PRINCESS DAVID OKORO 000857230 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 3 3 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 4 CONCLUSION 6 5 REFERENCES 6 2 INTRODUCTION The perception of mobile computing has been widespread in recent time, thus, generating a platform for the increase of Mobile Business Intelligence .This trend has been moderately encouraged byRead MoreThe Effect Of Cell Phone On College Students Interaction At Dining Table1641 Words   |  7 PagesReport on Literature Search The presence of mobile technologies has significantly affected every aspect of human social interaction. My observation on college students using cell phone at dining hall has raised my question of how does cell phone influences people’s interaction at dinner table. My review topic would be focusing on the effects of cell phone presence on college students’ interaction at dining table. I want to find out how cell phone affects students’ attention on other people sittingRead MoreEssay about Annotated Bibliography on Information Technology768 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography on Information Technology Mobile Security in the Future Adesina, A. O., Agbele, K. K., Februarie, R., Abidoye, A. P., amp; Nyongesa, H. O. (2011). Ensuring the security and privacy of information in mobile health-care communication systems. South African Journal of Science, 107(9), 26-32. This research article examines the security concerns of using mobile technology systems in health care institution. Various methods of ensuring privacy and security of patient’sRead MoreMobile Phones Changed The Way Of Communication And Life Style1614 Words   |  7 PagesZhenLiang Sun, QiHui Wang Professor Measles English 1010, Annotated Bibliography 14 November 2015 introduction In the high-tech world, it is common sense that the cellphone has been playing an essential and indispensable role in our daily life. The mobile phones change the way of communication and life-style. people can get many other benefits from it such as games, camera, business. Therefore, it can be found that cellphones are used among people of all ages. Hardly can we image that without cellphonesRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Owning a Cell Phone790 Words   |  4 PagesThe pros and cons of owning a cell phone Broc Barchard COMM/112 April-08-2013 Kerry Moquett The pros and cons of owning a cell phone Annotated Bibliography: Are cell phones controlling us? I generally like this source because it goes into great detail about the evolution of cell phones. Starting back in 1984 the first cell phone was basically a brick, and now the cell phones used today are way smaller. Also this source talks about devices becomingRead MoreThe Impact Of Wearable Activity Devices On The Fitness Industry876 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology Research Summary Annotated Bibliography Ace(R) Survey Examines Impact Of Wearable Activity Devices On The Fitness Industry. NASDAQ OMX s News Release Distribution Channel 3 Sept. 2015. ProQuest. Web. 23 Sept. 2015 Consumer Electronics Association’s research suggests that wearable technology revenues will reach $5.1 billion by the end of this year. ACE surveyed 58,000 health and fitness professionals asking questions about their response to this new technology trend. 49% of their professionalsRead MoreAre Smartphones Harming Younger Generations?884 Words   |  4 Pagessocial structures category. The media also portrays a big role when it comes to smartphones because it has set a mark for every age group. That smartphones can take high quality pictures and videos, send emails, play video games and of course make phone calls. Just like Stuart Hall and Paddy Whannel’s â€Å"The Young Audience† is very similar to what I will discuss because of the popularity of smartphone many teens are attract to the features like a mention before and its basically handheld computers forRead MoreAre Smartphones Harming Younger Generations?938 Words   |  4 Pagessocial structures category. The media also portrays a big role when it comes to smartphones because it has set a mark for every age group. That smartphones can take high quality pictures and videos, send emails, play video games and of course make phone calls. Stuart Hall and Paddy Whannel’s â€Å"The Young Audience† is very similar to what I will discuss because of the popularity of smartphone many teens are attracted to the features like I mention before and its basically handheld computers for theirRead MoreAn Examination On Criteria Of Enterprise System Security3105 Words   |  13 Pagesclient comfort. So to begin an examination on criteria of Enterprise System Security I chose a theme that is Present to Your Own Device. BYOD (bring your own gadget) is the expanding pattern toward worker claimed gadgets inside of a business. Cell phones are the most widely recognized case yet representatives additionally take their own Tablets, Laptops and USB crashes into the working environment. BYOD is one of the most sweltering subjects in big business security. Notwithstanding diminishing anRead MoreIntroduction Of A Conventional Banking System1706 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Kenya being one of the nations that lacked a â€Å"conventional banking system,† M- Pesa was introduced experimentally to improve its economic condition. Serving as an immensely successful mobile money transfer service in Kenya, M-pesa rolled out in the European market such as, Romania, where â€Å"Only about 50% of the population has a bank account.† According to innov8tive.com, a Web source for technology news, resources and innovation of Africa, in its featured article â€Å"Kenya’s M-Pesa

Leadership †Charismatic Individuals or Contingent Characteristics Free Essays

string(42) " to the realms of success and prosperity\." Leadership – Charismatic Individuals or Contingent Characteristics? A brief analysis of charismatic and situational leaders, leadership and styles. Linesh Palayadan, Cass Business School, City university London, UK. â€Å"Men make history and not the other way around. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership – Charismatic Individuals or Contingent Characteristics or any similar topic only for you Order Now In periods where there is no leadership, society stands still. Progress occurs when courageous, skilful leaders seize the opportunity to change things for the better† – Harry S. Truman It goes without saying that human beings couldn’t have achieved what they have achieved if they had not worked in groups. Teamwork is probably one of the most important â€Å"inventions† of mankind which does not get explicitly mentioned when one refers about the tools and evolution of human beings from the pre-historic times. None of the magnificent creations of human beings we see today could have been possibly achieved without humans coming in teams and working for a common goal. Teams by themselves cannot be successful if they do not have a clear direction or vision. The team is bound to fail in achieving the results if there is no coordination, synchronisation and communication between team members. The concept of team itself comes into existence only because of the arising of a necessity or a goal that would benefit the society, and the means to achieve it cannot be implemented by an individual, however able and skilful he or she may be. Members of the team can be of extremely different personalities, skills and characteristics and every member has his/her own ideas on how to achieve the common goal. It is precisely at this point that the need for a leader arises. What is required is a leader who can channel the necessary skills from the team members towards the common goal and maintain the harmony and coordination between them at the same time. Numerous theories have been postulated on how a leader should be and what the characteristics of the leader should be. Some theories hypothesised that leaders cannot be made but are born and those personalities or so called â€Å"traits† cannot be cultivated in a person who is not already a born leader while others strongly suggested that given the right circumstances, leaders emerge based on situations and contingencies. Organisations put forward certain requirements for interviewing candidates for its key posts. We all have come across requirements in Job advertisements like good communications, effectiveness in groups, taking initiative, firm under pressure etc. (S Fineman, Y Gabriel, D Sims, 2011). Are these the only qualities of leaders? Can a person with those qualities be successful as a leader? Do these qualities exist as inborn traits in a person? Or can these qualities be inculcated in a person through training and development? What are the different kinds of leaders? What makes a leader outstanding from others? These are some of the questions that we will try to analyse with the help of some specific theories which have been proposed before. Two main theories that propose the idea that the qualities required for leadership are inborn in the person or are â€Å"traits† of an individual are the â€Å"Trait theory† and â€Å"Charismatic leadership theory†. While the Trait theory has its origins in the early twentieth century, charismatic leadership theory is more recent and is more or less a return to trait theory. The Trait leadership concept was proposed in Thomas Carlyle’s â€Å"great man† theory where he proposed that â€Å"The history of the world is but the biography of great men†(Carlyle, 1907). He believed that leaders have certain immutable traits which cannot be developed in others. Remarkable developments in behavioural sciences since have led to the decline in favour for the great man theory (David L Cawthon, 1996). The charismatic leadership theory states that the leaders have an innate set of abilities or charisma which cannot be explained (Conger Kanungo, 1988). These leaders first try to understand the opportunities, possibilities and constrains as well as the preferences and needs of the team members. They then set a vision for a path which accommodates opportunities as well as the preferences and needs of the team members. The final stage is the actual implementation of the vision, motivating the followers in the process. At this stage they also stage demonstrations which projects their image, courage, dedication to the cause, sacrifice etc. (C Jacobsen, R J. House 2001). Charismatic leaders are often value driven, visionaries and have a trail of success stories which motivates the followers. The primary risk of this style of leadership is that it may not be effective in all the contexts and such leaders can fade into oblivion as soon as the context changes. Perhaps the most striking example of Charismatic leadership is that of Sir Winston Churchill who proved to be a very effective war time leader and prime minister but was voted out when elections were held after Page 1 he war because people did not consider him as somebody who could effectively handle post-war reforms (Roy Jenkins, 2003). One of the strongly criticized and censured leaders of all times is Adolf Hitler who because of his war crimes and atrocities, went down in history as a bad leader. How did he rise from his humble beginnings to the all-powerful leader of a country which had the potential to be the most powerful country in the world if had won in the Second World War? The art of le adership†¦ onsists of consolidating the attention of the people against a single adversary and taking care that nothing will split up that attention. – Adolf Hitler Hitler took advantage of the fact that people in Germany were disillusioned with the leadership at that time and they were looking for a leader who would turn their insult and injury into victory and fame. (Gardner, 1995, p. 334)He was a wonderful orator who could mesmerise his audience with his speech through which he was successful in convincing the people of Germany that he was their only hope and only he could catapult Germany to the realms of success and prosperity. You read "Leadership – Charismatic Individuals or Contingent Characteristics" in category "Papers" His charisma in motivating the masses(John Dreijmanis, 2005) through speeches, vision and aggressive nationalism led to mass hysteria, hope and a sense of pride and nationalism in the people, which in turn catapulted him to the highest realms of power. His leadership notwithstanding the ultimate failures he had was instrumental in uniting German people and hence can be classed under strong Charismatic leadership. One of the most recent, remarkable and widely reported event in India was the movement against corruption by a common man named Mr Anna Hazare (NY times, Oct 2011). Until recently little was known about the man nationwide and in a span of about 6 months almost every household in India knew about him because of his protest against corruption and his demands to bring a corruption prevention watchdog with unprecedented sweeping powers which had the potential to put many corrupt politicians and officials behind bars (Reuters Aug 2011). A social worker and an ardent follower of Mahatma Gandhi(N Y times August 18, 2011), Mr Hazare is a 74 year old man, who is not a mesmerising orator, but still managed to mobilise hundreds of millions of Indians throughout India and abroad to pressurise the Indian government to constitute such a watch dog. He later went on to sit for an indefinite hunger strike until his demands were met. The use of technology for the movement was unprecedented. Indians all over the world used online media web-sites like twitter and Facebook to move mass opinion in his favour and to hold protest rallies in major capitals of the world. Such was the scale of support for him that Indian government finally relented to agree to his demands (Times of India, Sep 2011). In the Indian capital of New-Delhi, hundreds of thousands of people from different parts of India descended on to the venue of the peaceful protest, provoking government fears for law and order problems. Different Business schools in India conducted studies as to how this frail old man was able to mobilise masses in such huge numbers and provide leadership to them in what is described as one of largest protest movements in post-independence India (Businesstoday, Aug 2011). They wanted to know how his leadership example could be useful for the future business leaders. Under his leadership many volunteers and charitable organisations came together under one umbrella for organising and maintaining the venue and order, organising and coordinating media related activities, publicity, logistics etc. His leadership style is more of a democratic form of leadership although there is a major element of charisma attached. Weber, 1968 has pointed out that a charismatic leader is likely to appear when social situation makes people feel distress (RJ House, 2001). In this case the people of India have been so much frustrated with corruption that right environment was created for the emergence of such a leader. Shamir, House and Arthur (1993) have described in a bit more detail as to what those conducive conditions could be. They have listed four situations that can catalyse the emergence of Charismatic leaders. First, the situation is perceived as a threat to important values. Second, relationship between goal accomplishment and performance is unclear. Third, the situation is unstable and fourth it requires exceptional effort. These situations give rise to a weak psychological situation in which a charismatic leader can easily emerge and influence the followers provided he is able to offer hope and solution to the people. In the above example and also in case of post-world war I Germany, situations were quite favourable for the emergence of a charismatic leader. Bendix (1985) states that in such situations it is not certain that a charismatic leader will evolve in spite of the prevailing conducive conditions and utter necessity for such a leader(C Jacobsen, R J. House, p77, 2001). He also says that it is entirely possible that a charismatic who ossesses none of the above said characteristics may emerge a leader by articulating ideological, moral or other values relevant to the prevailing conditions. Another theory of leadership called behavioural model (Blake Mouton, 1964) states that all leaders can be placed on a grid which evaluates them based on their people concern and task completion concern. Accord ing to Page 2 behavioural model, different kinds of leaderships may be prevalent in different organisations which may go from one extreme to another in terms of concern for people and concern for task. A firm in which managers exhibit so called â€Å"impoverished or indifferent† style leadership, where managers have little concern for job completion or people, is rich in disorganisation, dissatisfaction and disharmony. The other extreme end of this style is â€Å"Sound style† where there is high concern for people and productivity. Such organisations are bound to succeed as they have high productivity and motivation and belongingness among employees is also very high. Some organisations exhibit â€Å"country club style† leadership where concern for people is very high but not for productivity. The leaders do not want people to be unhappy and such organisations are not very successful. Another extreme is the â€Å"Dictatorial style† where there is no concern for people but very high concern for productivity. Productivity in such organisations may be very high in the shorter term but these organisations suffer from high employee turnover due to enforcement of strict rules, regulations and punishments. Most of the organisations follow what is called the â€Å"middle-of-the-road style† where leaders show some concern for both people and productivity hoping to achieve acceptable results. One of the most prominent schools of thought in leadership theories is â€Å"Situational or Contingency theory†. Proposed originally by Hersey Blanchard, 1982, it states that leaders must vary their leadership style based on subordinate’s competency and commitment. A leader’s style should be â€Å"Delegation† if the team members are competent and committed, â€Å"Telling† or directive if they are neither competent nor committed. In case where the team members are competent but not committed the style should be â€Å"Participating† and the final case in which the team members are committed but not competent, the style should be â€Å"selling†. Fred Fiedler’s contingency model states the relationship between leadership style and favourableness of the situation (Fred Luthans, 1992). His studies suggest that situations are favourable for the leader if the three dimensions are high, the dimensions being 1. Leader-member relationship 2. Degree of task structure 3. Leader’s position power through formal authority. He also found that if the above dimensions are very favourable or very unfavourable, directive or â€Å"hard-nosed leaders† are more effective whereas lenient leaders are more effective in situations where the dimensions are moderately favourable. My extensive experience in various successful IT and engineering companies, compel me to come to the conclusion that these companies have adopted situational leadership as their main strategy. The reason for this may be that such companies require their engineers to be productive from day one and as they become more experienced, they are expected to assume the ownership of the modules they work on and become the point of contact for all issues on the module. The leaders in such cases assume different forms of situational leadership to deal with different team members depending on their willingness and ability. Once the leader is convinced of the team member’s competence and commitment, delegation is the form of leadership he or she chooses for that team member. Since performance in terms of the quality of work done and sticking to schedule is the main criteria in assessing the performance in such companies, telling style of leadership is also very common and results in redundancies many times when the team members are unwilling and unable. In larger companies, Transformational form of leadership (Bernard M. Bass, 1985) is also not very uncommon nowadays in which the leader takes care to develop and transform his or her followers through, inspirational motivation, intellectual simulation, idealised influence and most importantly individualized consideration. Leadership whatever form it may assume is an essential skill without which the society will have little progress. Leaders need courage, vision and determination to change things for better. The need for better leaders will never cease to exist and right people with right skills will always seize the opportunity to lead the world for a better tomorrow. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Ann Florini. The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World. New York, 23: Columbia University Press. Bass, B. M. 1998. Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Bendix, R. 1985. Reflections on Charismatic leadership. Blake, R. , Mouton, J. 1964. The Managerial Grid: The Key to Leadership Excellence. C Jacobsen, R J. House 2001 Dynamics of charismatic leadership A process theory, simulation, and tests 75-112 The leadership quarterly 12 David L. Cawthon, 1996. The Great Man Theory Revisited, Business Horizons. Fred Luthans, 1992. Organisational behaviour 276,277 Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. , 1982. Management of organizational behaviour, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. John Dreijmanis, 2005 A portrait of the artist as a politician: the case of Adolf Hitler, 3, Science Direct. S J. Zaccaro, Zachary N. J. , 2003. Leadership theory and practice: Fostering an effective symbiosis, Science direct. Page 3 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. S Fineman, Y Gabriel, D Sims, 2011. Organising and Organisations. Roy Jenkins, 2003. Churchill: A Biography, Victory in Europe and Defeat in Britain, PP789-819 (Paperback) http://www. nytimes. com/2011/08/21/world/asia/21india. html? _r=1 http://www. nytimes. com/2011/08/22/world/asia/22india. html http://in. reuters. om/article/2011/08/24/idINIndia-58938520110824 http://www. washingtonpost. com/world/india_agrees_to_protesters_demand_on_graft_panel/2011/04/09/AFFyy05C_story. html? wprss=rss_homepa ge http://www. nytimes. com/2011/08/19/world/asia/19hazare. html http://businesstoday. intoday. in/story/fms-students-study-annas-stir-against-corruption/1/18220. html http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2011- 09-02/ranchi/30105617_1_munish-thakur-case-study-lokpal-movement Special thanks to Prof Cliff Oswick, Cass Business School, for Guidance and permission to use his lecture materials and contents. Page 4 How to cite Leadership – Charismatic Individuals or Contingent Characteristics, Papers

Enzyme Catalase Essay Example For Students

Enzyme Catalase Essay INTRODUCTIONThe enzyme catalase speeds up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen as shown here, 2H2O2-*2H2O+O2. It is one of the fastest known enzymes and its turnover number is 6 million, which means the number of substrate molecules which one molecule of the enzyme turns to products per minute. This can be demonstrated by putting a piece of liver into a beaker of Hydrogen Peroxide, the fizzing shows a demonstration of the enzyme in action. AIMMy aim is to examine how the concentration of the substrate hydrogen peroxide affects the enzyme catalase. INVESTIGATIONI am going to investigate the effect of varying the substrate concentration on enzyme catalase. I am going to use 8 different concentrations and record the time taken to collect 20ml of gas in the gas syringe. I will repeat all the 8 concentrations twice so I can see if they match, spot out any anonymous results and also I can work out the average time it takes to produce 20ml of gas at the certain concentrations. I will vary the concentrations by increasing and decreasing the amounts of Hydrogen Peroxide and water. PLANFirst of all I will ensure I have enough enzyme solution for the whole experiments so the enzyme solution is standardised. With the results I get I will try to work out the Vmax. I will do this experiment at room temperature so the enzymes get enough kinetic energy to collide. I will need 80ml of the enzyme solution because I will use 5ml for all of the experiment and I will do 8 different concentrations and I will repeat this concentrations twice so that is 5x8x2= 80. First of all I will set out the equipment as I will show in the diagram then I will cut some pieces of liver, which is the source of the enzyme. Then I will grind the pieces of liver with the mortar and pestle, which will have sand and Di ionised water (which is water with no H ions in it its PH is neutral). The sand will help cut open the cells of the liver. I will take a funnel with glass wool in it, I chose glass wool rather than filter paper because the catalase could have been adsorbed by the filter paper. Then I will add 5ml of the enzyme catalase to the conical flask and for the substrate concentration of 10% I will add 2ml of Hydrogen Peroxide and 18ml of water (18+2= 20, I will always use 20ml) every time I when I will increase the concentration by 10% I will increase the H2O2 by 2ml and decrease the H2O by 2ml. I will time how long it takes to produce 20ml of gas in the gas syringe. I chose the gas syringe rather than to count the bubbles produced in a measu ring cylinder because it is easier to use, the results will be more accurate and the gas syringe reduces the possibility of gas escape. I will tabulate my results and highlight them in some way so they are visible I will interpret my results in to a line graph. I will also added a line of best fit to the results on the graph and with the results I get I will work out the Vmax. Here is a blank copy of my results table, which I fill in later when I get my results. FAIR TESTTo make my experiment a fair test I need to ensure that all the variables must be kept the same for all the experiments except for the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide. I will accurately measure out the Hydrogen Peroxide and enzyme solution using a pipette and measuring cylinder. I will use glass wool rather than filter paper because if I use filter paper then the catalase could be adsorbed by the filter paper, which will no longer make my experiment a fair test. I will time how long it takes to produce 20ml of gas by using a stopwatch accurately. For each concentration I will make sure that there is no excess catalase or substrate in the measuring cylinders I use by cleaning them. I will hold the rubber bung connecting the conical flask and the gas syringe so it does not open and let out any gas. PREDICTION I predict that the more the concentration of substrate the faster it will be to produce 20ml of oxygen if you increase the concentration there will be a higher chance of collision between the particles, but there will come a point where all the active sites are full and the rate should go constant. Enzymes such as catalase are protein molecules. They are used to speed up specific reactions in the cells. They are all very specific as each enzyme just performs one particular reaction. Once the amount of substrate molecules added exceeds the number of active sites available then the rate of reaction will no longer go up. The graph should look like this, I know this from background scientific knowledge, from my notes and textbooks. SAFETY ASPECTSThe safety precautions that I will consider taking are that I am going to ensure that I wear goggles because Hydrogen is a strong oxidising agent and if it gets into my eyes it could be irritating and eat away at my cornea, corneal bur ns can occur rapidly. I will also make sure that the Hydrogen Peroxide does not come in contact with my clothes or hands so I will wear an apron and gloves if the Hydrogen Peroxide does come in contact with my hands, which will cause whitening of the skin and stinging. I will immediately wash my hands thoroughly with water. Hydrogen Peroxide is a strong deodorizing and bleaching agent. It has a characteristic pungent odor. If anyhow I swallow the Hydrogen Peroxide I will drink water straight away to dilute and immediately contact a physician. If I break any apparatus I will inform the teacher straight away and I will clean the broken apparatus. APPARATUS LIST? Scalpel and chopping board? Pipette? 4 measuring cylinders, (3) 100ml (1) 10ml? Conical flask? Gas syringe? Mortar and pestle? Glass wool? Rubber bung with delivery tube? Retort stand with clamp and boss? Stopwatch? Sand? Spatula? Hydrogen Peroxide? Di ionised water? Source of enzyme (liver)I used these apparatus because it wa s the equipment available and suitable for my experiment. I used the gas syringe rather than to count the number bubbles produced in a measuring cylinder because it is more easier and accurate and it also gives a less possibility of gas escape. I used the stopwatch because it is accurate to measure the time rather than counting the time yourself. I used the spatula to pick up bits of the sand and put in the mortar and pestle in which I was grinding the pieces of liver. I used the scalpel to cut the pieces of the liver and I cut the pieces on the chopping board so I dont cut into the table that I was working on. I used the mortar and pestle to grind the pieces of liver. I used the glass wool rather than filter paper because the catalase could be adsorbed by the filter paper, which will no longer be a fair test. The house on mango street EssayIt is possible to follow the reaction by monitoring the pH of a mixture of milk, lipase and sodium carbonate. A milk with higher lipid content should release a greater number of fatty acids in a given time period and therefore its pH should drop quickest. Method1. Place 10ml fresh milk in a boiling tube (1) and add 5ml of dilute (0.05M) sodium carbonate solution. Place the boiling tube in the water bath to warm to 40C for 5mins. 2. Place 1ml of 5% lipase in a boiling tube (2) and place in the water bath to warm to 40C for 5mins. 3. Set up the datalogging equipment as shown below. 4. Pour the milk with carbonate solution into the warmed enzyme . Shake the boiling tube and return to water bath. 5. Record the change in pH for 8 minutes. 6. Rinse the pH probe in the pH7 buffer solution and repeat experiment with a different milk sample. Bile salts are steroids with detergent properties which are used to emulsify lipids in foodstuff passing through the intestine to enable fat digestion and absorption through the intestinal wall. They are secreted from the liver stored in the gall bladder and passed through the bile duct into the intestine when food is passing through. Biosynthesis represents the major metabolic fate of cholesterol, accounting for more than half of the 800mg/day of cholesterol that the average adult uses up in metabolic processes. By comparison, steroid hormone biosynthesis consumes only about 50 mg of cholesterol per day. Much more that 400 mg of bile salts is required and secreted into the intestine per day, and this is achieved by re-cycling the bile salts. Most of the bile salts secreted into the upper region of the small intestine are absorbed along with the dietary lipids that they emulsified at the lower end of the small intestine. They are separated from the dietary lipid and returned to the liver for re-use. Re-cycling thus enables 20-30g of bile salts to be secreted into the small intestine each day. The most abundant of the bile salts in humans are cholate and deoxycholate, and they are normally conjugated with either glycine or taurine to give glycocholate or taurocholate respectively. The conjugation is important in identifying the bile salt for re-cycling back to the liver.